Despite the fact that the first works of the Gothic emerged in France and the British possessions from half. Twelfth century, the impact of this style throughout the rest of Europe (Eg present-day Germany) is seen only at the beginning of the thirteenth century Gothic early phase of inspiration here dates back to the period 1230-1300, while about 1350, comes to the creation of a new, independent from the development of Gothic style, the concept of architecture - the so-called. Late Gothic. It is a specific visual concept, which is revealed in the Reich, which consists of the resignation of the idea of \u200b\u200bhigh basilica, but rather refer to the Temple as a mini-cult to better meet the needs.
typical of Gothic architecture is a different vision of the role of man in the world. The beauty of nature, but also to the holy and the human being would be an expression of the virtues, but vices. Gothic art is becoming more "anthropomorphic", but still can not say in her case for a referral to humanism, which led attempts to separate the thick line by Renaissance artists. Sam and Gothic art was a wildly incoherent - on the one hand, it repeatedly gave the impression of a naive or even folk, and many other works were directed at specific audiences (such as the rich illuminated books.) Gothic art also drew that first appeared as a strong demand for works of art. Every city, whether among the different actors of ecclesiastical organization, even "zamawiało" specific artists, but in the larger centers of trade guild formed, because the monastery workshops were no longer able to cope with the number of orders. For these reasons, often in the case of Gothic art, you can see relationships between objects distant from each other (for example, reconstruction of a Gothic cathedral in Gniezno directly related to the architecture and sculpture by the French without the mediation of objects in the Reich). This meant, however, that most of the pieces moved to the cities, independent both the nobility and ecclesiastical authority. There is a procedure for placing orders so often in remote locations. The most famous examples are provided easel painting, where the late fifteenth century, made in the Netherlands, the order of works destined for Italian families. That was even in the case of "Triptych Portinarich" Hugo van der Goes (1476-1478) and "Last Judgement" by Hans Memling, who as a result of Danzig privateer fleet did not reach the destination point.
This also means that some workshops have begun to create your guild own reputation, and thus, actual artists were no longer anonymous. Before the era of Gothic have little knowledge about artists working in medieval Europe, except miniatorstwa, where he often appeared in print the author of a work darującego payer. In the case of Gothic, this phenomenon is drastically changed - starting to show up to present the artists (such as capitals, as pictures of sculptors and architects), and preserved documents allow you to assign credit to specific works. Some artists are also active outside the sphere of culture. For example, Jan van Eyck was the Burgundian diplomat, who visited Portugal and it's probably because of the famous Ghent altar began to feature the exotic plants and trees. Education of local "schools" and the province of art deepened, allowing the opportunity to more accurately determine the activity of individual workshops. Nevertheless, in the fifteenth century, have developed some general outlines of Gothic art, which were common to virtually all of Europe except for the central and southern Italy. This phenomenon is called International Gothic. This convention meant that the art of this period (especially painting, sculpture and decorative arts) began to use similar language, art, understood by most customers.
Gothic architecture in France
origins of Gothic art to be associated with France, especially the strong center of the Ile-de-France, and thus the center of the country's political Capetian, where at the end of the first Call. Abbot Suger twelfth century theology fascinated by light, expressed in the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius ordered the erection of the church choir of the Abbey of Saint-Denis. In the wake of this work was built in the next few decades, the cathedral of Sens, Noyon, Senlis, Laon and Paris, with galleries opening up towards the nave. Gothic Cathedral in France was so building basilica, usually three or five-with an extended chorus of defeat and radial chapels. Uniformity was achieved while the interior through the dense "usianie" pillars of the church, bearing służkami. The principles of Gothic construction techniques were more visible on the outside, where the particular case of the French cathedrals of great importance is assigned przyporom, the transfer outside of the weight of the object. Connected by arcs odporowych allow for the construction of ever higher, and vaulting to reduce the size of the pillars. The whole was completed tracery, wimpergami, pinnacles and fleurons. The church's interior, however, primarily been focused on the sublime, which is reached through twinkling, colored light falling through stained glass. Art of this period was mainly aimed at the text, the direct expression of religious content, which often reduces itself to the concept of "Bible pauperum. Stained glass windows were Thus another element of the embodiment of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Heavenly Jerusalem" - the creation of a maximum sphere deviates from the perceived critical profane.
to call. Thirteenth century, formed the most important Gothic buildings in France. The first Gothic churches were stripped of their tracery, and the windows were linear in nature and were mostly decorated with stained glass windows. Ok. 1200, has a design change, resulting in the spread as a tripartite concept of the temple walls, consisting of high arches, then triforium and finally the upper part of the windows. Become increasingly popular Also cross-ribbed vaults, which were not only cover the sanctuary party, but also spans the main body. Tracery as a decorative motif appeared only in Reims in 1211, and occupied ever larger parts, the same way as rosettes or wimpergi. Architectural sculpture during the mature Gothic actually almost completely gone beyond the interior of the temple. The development of this era lasted roughly until the outbreak of the Hundred Years War, although it has been around 1260, the concept of the Gothic church was already established and not subject to major changes in the later period. In return, however, popularized the Gothic is in some way have developed regional schools (although not as pronounced as in the case of Romanesque art.) Devastating war fought by France, Britain and several other countries in the region meant that in this regard was raised properly only slightly smaller church hall or repaired buildings from earlier centuries. The plan is not Gothic churches followed a similar change, although reduced, and sometimes even got rid of tryforiów and simplification of the sanctuary plan. Appears to be called. fish bladder, so a specific decorative motif, manifested primarily in maswerkach. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, became increasingly popular and new forms of canopies, like the starry vault, and even bows at the donkey back, so the "nose" in the middle.
Late Gothic architecture in France is also manifested in secular architecture. The most famous building is the palace of Jacques Couer in Bourges (in the figure above) and the Hotel Cluny in Paris, but are also interesting town halls (especially now located in Belgium Arras) and hospitals (like the one in Beaune).
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