Usually whenever we go to the store do not pay attention to what we use we need when buying products. In total, it is known that the dziesięciozłotówce appears Mieszko I, the dwudziestozłotówce Boleslaw the Brave, the bill pięćdziesięciozłotowym Casimir the Great. When comparing this with Wladyslaw Jagiello and Zygmunt Stary easy to see that the higher the value, the later ruler, so you can learn in this way, some outlines of the story. We used to have Waryńskiego and Swierczewski, now we can spend with the Piast and Jagiellonian. But notes can be an expression of moralistic? Could it be that something good about life will teach those who happen to hold them legs? Or rather, are merely expressions of our culture, way of looking at your past and present (in many countries there are, after all notes directly related to the fundamentals of the ruling regime, especially in communist regimes or strict socialist countries)? Such a test will be today's post, where we look at the so-called. Education series broadcast on the second Call. Nineteenth century in the United States.
The two acts of 1878 and 1886, the U.S. Congress passed the so-called emission allowance. "Silver certificates", as a means of payment, and also having their coverage of silver owned by the state. Hence, on the notes of the (de facto, they were not notes, but played a similar role in the turnover of funds) came word that this is one (or another amount) Silver U.S. dollars subject to exchange at the request of its holder. But what is special is the fact that these certificates are visually much different from other media monetary value, especially its sophisticated form of visual and "educational" nature. The U.S. Department of Treasury reported to the office since the Civil prints and lithographs by the demand for the execution of these works, the principals wanted to release something more than the previously used media. Primarily directed towards a recommendation that appeared on the certificates as allegorical, embodying particular aspects of policy and the U.S. economy.
So what we see presented jednodolarówce issued under the so-called. second series of "educational," published in 1896 on the reverse side was placed first couple united Cologne, so Martha and George Waszyngtonów. A much more interesting, however, is the obverse, where the author (Will H. Low) and graphics (Charles Schlecht) can talk a little bit, "sailed" ... As we know from the old Latin proverb, the story is a teacher of life. On the bill this thesis was expressed quite literally, because the participant resting like a Roman feast History shows a boy (oznaczającemu Youth) the correct path of development. But this is not a typical story, because clad in a robe similar to the American flag is combined with an allegorical representation of the States, so Colombia. The viewer (the happy jednodolarówki that now "it" the antique market for at least several hundred of its current equivalents), sees the whole story, therefore, not of human history, but history individualized - History of the United States. This reduction is symptomatic and well fits in the messianic idea as the United States ending the development of regimes in the world by creating an ideal form of democracy. Moreover, such "appropriation" History confirms the seat, where he was placed female character - the quasi-throne bears the national emblem, while the rod is placed next to liktorskie, which has since ancient symbol authority and power.
Where is so educational aspect? You will notice that the woman's gesture, while indicating the name of the United States and the valley of the Potomac from the Washington Monument. This is not a phallic ulterior motive, though from a distance it looks quite funny, especially since the child's eye is guided more towards the right side of the "field banknote, but it is abandoned for quite alluring and full breast history. Probably so in a completely unintended way artists were able to introduce a kind of rift in the academic image. Visible in the background of the buildings in the Capitol, however, are not the only pouczającymi elements. On the side was placed the text of the Constitution in the form of an open book, and as edging around the names of famous Americans. They appear so presidents, like Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson and John Adams, but also characters who distinguished themselves in other ways, such as the field of science and technology (Benjamin Franklin), literature (Nathaniel Hawthorne), and politics and diplomacy (Daniel Webster through which the US-Canadian border is a "straightforward" process). So jednodolarówka taught to believe in life the best possible system in the world. And the others?
As another old saying says: "Two heads are better than one." It is true that the happiness "is not: in this case are written separately (yes, it was typical for me to wit at a low level), but the dollars is the same - it's better to have two non-stop at one. And in this case the artists are shown. This time it was, however, GFC Smillie, who designed the "silver certificate", and Edwin H. Blashfield made form. Total completed the Thomas F. Morris. What you see in the attached picture, is another manifestation of the fascination with the changing world and technological development. One of the most unusual allegory of this period is the presentation of the newly created Electricity. On the subject of how attempts to include new developments in the scores settled centuries-old tradition of symbolism has already poured gallons of ink (though no one seems to have done it in such a way as pithy as Maria Poprzecka). Even the role of women shows how much was expected from the presentation of the U.S. as a country, where he can meet the "American dream". In the center was placed to study (this is still rather old-fashioned show, but usually depicted in modern art, but knowledge - scientia and male (of course!) genius.) Two characters are presented next to it is through learning and symbolize the Electricity and few. The driving forces created machines so charming szkraby, and the Doctrine of the closing holes and decaying hands of the type of prayer or the Holy Mother of God of Mercy. Applied so very original idea, a bit like trying to force it to squeeze the conventions of academic art. It is worth noting that the idea of \u200b\u200ba visual analogue of the "new elements" such as Fire, Electricity, Magnetism, Water, Agriculture and Mining, has already appeared earlier and there is such a relief in Washington Hall ( link ).
Seated Two colleagues of Science are obvious as well as allegorical. After the pouches with the logo of crossed-S and the pinion can easily see that the left side symbolizes the trade, and on the right - Industry (actually more production). This bill therefore contrary to jednodolarówki not say that the "miracle of America" \u200b\u200b(as later pronunciation generated certificates) is the rule of law and democracy, but the economy. This, however, on machines that the world economy had to resist, so we once again turn to the importance of steam and electricity. They are the visual contribution to Science in the American system, as it were her children, displayed a mature already other allegorical figures. It also complements the obverse of the certificate, which shows Robert Fulton - the constructor of the first steamship and Samuel FB Morse - the precursor of CW (the alphabet). The answer to the question which of these driving forces are assigned greater importance, is on the bill pięciodolarowym.
This time, electricity has grown and become winged, somewhat naked woman. Fits so well in academic art artistic convention, as well as the most popular shows of the new allegory. Moreover, it has become to this job GFC Smilliego dominant force in the world, which are subject to other characters symbolizing different phenomena. It is worth noting that in contrast to the other two, this bill is based on an image already existing at the time of implementation of the graphics, namely the work of Walter Shirlawa. Intriguing may be that something else was painting pictures and watching them in the showrooms, and quite another to spend money carried over paintings on scrap paper. A group of women in Boston challenged because these certificates, and deliberately did not want to use them due to the fact that it was improper, even immoral, since electricity is exposed breast. Well, so could it not known for good art? But speaking of the art in question, it's worth a look at the figures in the background. On the left there is Jupiter in the celestial thunderbolts ciskający carriage, and right allegory of Peace on the background of the Capitol and the White House. So a little bit this last figure seems to be presented to an overstatement, given that two years after the issuance of note occurred after the war with Spain, resulting in the revolt were seized Cuba and the Philippines. The whole illustration complements the Glory, playing a long trumpet like the angels in scenes of the Assumption, Ascension and apoteozach saints.
As you can see, the positivist idea of \u200b\u200bforming the society was also no stranger to the creators of cash. This time, however, government propaganda was addressed in a different way. Cities dissemination of coins with images of idealized rulers (which was used in antiquity) created complex cycles narrative relating to several aspects of life in America, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, I believe in the mission of the nation, to convince the public of the strong economic fundamentals, and finally in the act by the United States a significant role in shaping the policy of peace turned into visual objects available to a broad masses, the assumption at any time. It is true that because of those protests in 1899 have been replaced by another pięciodolarówkę banknote (with a rather antelope, Indian tribal chieftain Hunkpapa), it is this kind of symbolism remained in wide circulation, thereby shaping the understanding of works of art even by the the least wealthy social masses.
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